British+Literature

(last updated 05-01-17, 4:45 p.m.)

==Below is the first page of Beowulf, commonly cited as one of the most important works of [|Anglo-Saxon literature].The poem is known only from this single manuscript, which is estimated to date from close to [|AD 1000]. The one existing copy is in the British Library in London, England.== Approximate central regions of tribes mentioned in Beowulf with the location of the [|Angles]. See [|Scandza] for details of Scandinavia's political fragmentation in the 6th century. ===In the poem, [|Beowulf], a hero of the [|Geats] in southern Sweden (Scandinavia), comes to the help of [|Hro�gar], (Hrothgar)the king of the [|Danes], whose [|mead hall] (Heorot) has been under attack by a monster known as [|Grendel]. After Beowulf slays him, [|Grendel's mother] attacks the hall and is then also defeated. Victorious, Beowulf goes home to [|Geatland] in [|Sweden] and later becomes king of the Geats. After a period of fifty years has passed, Beowulf defeats a [|dragon], but is fatally wounded in the battle. After his death, his attendants bury him in a [|tumulus]in Geatland. []=== [|Read what the Heroic Epic involves-->] from an AP website. An **epic hero** is courageous and bold, an outstanding achiever; he exhibits **superhuman qualities** and is favored of the gods. Like Odysseus before him, Beowulf comprises many qualities of the epic hero, particularly in the superhuman characteristics. Only a �super� human could grapple the monster Grendel (Nicolson). The formal **boast** in Beowulf is another element of honor in the epic. The hero speaks grandly about his intentions yet, in the same vein, he must be prepared to back them up. The **journey or voyage**-Another aspect of the epic is its tendency to take its characters all around the world, with action unfolding across multiple countries and even continents. Hospitality is an essential ingredient of epic life. For fear of offending the gods, hospitality is extended to all visitors in case the guest is a god in disguise. Near the beginning of the Beowulf story when the hero reaches the Danes� shores he is questioned by the coast-guard. Not only is Beowulf and his armed party allowed to pass, but they are assured their ship will be well guarded. Because gods intervene regularly in the affairs of men such hospitality customs were seen as necessary (Nicolson). **Banquets** are often scenes of hospitality as well as boasting. **Battles** and contests were as common as the speeches and boasts that typically preceded them. Whether taking the form of large-scale wars, one-on-one fights, or competitions, these bouts were a means of furthering the action and adding to both the characters that participated in them and the storyline as a whole (Nicolson). The epic poet (called a **scop**) was the record keeper of his day � an essential member of the community, vital in keeping track of genealogies and histories. The oral tradition of story telling is an art that was practiced and learned ([|Nicolson], E., [] ).
 * ~ Genre ||< Narrative heroic epic poetry ||
 * ~ Verse form ||< [|Alliterative verse] ||
 * ~ Length ||< //c//. 3186 lines ||
 * ~ Subject ||< The battles of Beowulf, the Geatish hero, in youth and old age ||
 * ~ Setting ||< Sweden and Denmark (Geats and Danes) ||
 * ~ Personages ||< Include [|Beowulf], [|Hygelac], [|Hrothgar], [|Wealhtheow], [|Hrothulf], [|�schere], [|Unferth], [|Grendel], [|Grendel's mother], [|Wiglaf], [|Hildeburh]. ||

== A modern day SCOP retelling Beowulf==

[[file:Intro to Beowulf ppt..ppt]]Notes about Beowulf. Reading begins p. 39.
[|YouTube Beowulf & Anglo-Saxons 9/2013] (Not working 2016) [|History of the Beowulf manuscript-->]

[|YouTube Grendel Attacks Herot] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eWmiv9uIXQk (gruesome)

[|YouTube Beowulf rips arm off Grendel] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxZWGjjnK5A

Beowulf Summary [|How it All Goes Down]

Also, an Anglo-Saxon work, "The Wife's Lament"--[|a comment about...]

//** 1066- 1485 **//

The world-famous English cathedral town of Canterbury has attracted visitors for centuries. It is located in Kent County, southeast of London. Today, as in the past, thousands of people come to the city to see the cathedral. Hundreds of years ago pilgrims made the trip in order to see the shrine of Thomas a Becket, a martyred 12th-century archbishop. Geoffrey Chaucer�s famous Canterbury Tales tells of one group of people making such a pilgrimage.

The town grew in importance after the murder (1170) of Archbishop [|Thomas a Becket] in Canterbury cathedral and [|Henry II]�s penance there in 1174. Catering to the needs of tourists became the principal activity of the many inns of the town.

"Canterbury." //Encyclop�dia Britannica. Encyclop�dia Britannica Online//. Encyclop�dia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 15 Mar. 2012. <[]>.



**If you missed reading "The Pardoner's Tale" in class, read the following story and ask me for the questions to make up the missing grade.**

Click here--> As we read Chaucer's "Prologue," we recognize how Chaucer creates favorable or unfavorable characters through slanted description. He describes hair of the Pardoner as "rat-tails" and his voice like a goat-- not too flattering. Other descriptions comment on girth of the Host of the Tabard Inn being wide, so we picture Harry Bailey as similar to a fun loving Santa Claus. Clothing of the Wife of Bath seems loud red and overly showy for attending church, but she has been able to attract the attention of five husbands, who must have left her some inheritance because she is able to travel to Jerusalem and other places in the world only wealthy people could go. Called the Father of English Poetry and Literature, Chaucer has shown writers how to create character showing five basic ways: 1. What the character looks like (descriptions) 2. What the character does (actions) 3. What the narrator says about the character (comments) 4. What others say about the characters 5. What the character says (dialogue with others, internal dialogue through thoughts, and, in plays, soliloquies)

........................................................... = And the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603) =

.... = =

==** Elizabethan literature is the **body of works written during the reign of [|Elizabeth I] of England (1558�1603), probably the most splendid age in the history of [|English literature], during which such writers as [|Sir Philip Sidney], [|Edmund Spenser], [|Christopher Marlowe], Sir Walter Raleigh and [|William Shakespeare] flourished. The epithet Elizabethan is merely a chronological reference and does not describe any special characteristic of the writing.==

=The Elizabethan age saw the flowering of poetry (the [|sonnet], the [|Spenserian stanza], and dramatic [|blank verse]). It was a golden age of drama (especially for the plays of Shakespeare) and inspired a wide variety of prose.=

Assignments p.238 --[[image:bwulchak/spenser_name_in_sand_1.jpg width="486" height="175"]]
= To read Edmund Spenser's = = "One Day I Wrote Her Name Upon the Strand" -->[|Spenser's "One Day..."] =

Watch Charlese Bradford's Rap> [|"One Day..." Rap KiDdQueenie]
= To read Sir Phillip Sidney's, p. 239 = = "With How Sad Steps, O Moon, Thou Climbest the Skies" --> [|Sidney's "...O Moon..."] =

=** To read Sir Phillip Sidney's "Come Sleep! O Sleep, the certain knot of peace" **= =............ "...The certain knot of peace..." = = = = = = "...The baiting place of wit..." = = = = "...The balm of woe..." =

" = The Poor man's wealth..." = = = = "The prisoner's release,..." (She can be free in her dreams.) = = ....................................................................= = "...The indifferent judge = = between high and low," = = =

[[file:Come live with me and be my love.doc]] [[image:bwulchak/Passionate_Shepherd_pic.jpg width="389" height="124"]]


= The Companion Poem that is a Parody: =

[[file:The Nymph's Reply and Summary.doc]][[image:bwulchak/Nymph_pic.jpg width="302" height="255"]]
= = = [|Modernized "Nymph's Reply" on YouTube] = = = George Gasciogne (1535-1578) 16th c. English poet http://media.collegeboard.com/digitalServices/pdf/ap/apcentral/ap14_english_literature_and_composition_q1.pdf (for viewing student essay on poetry)

= **The 17th and 18th Centuries:** =

To Read John Donne click below: [[image:bwulchak/The_Restoration_17th_and_18th_centuries.jpg width="530" height="238"]]
....**.p.427..**.............................

===

===

=Listen to "Death, Be Not Proud" being read on Youtube: [|Hear poem.]= = =

=To listen to a song inspired by "No Man is an Island" [|"No Man..." Youtube]=


 * p. 429 "Meditation 17"**

= Robert Herrick's poem = = "To the Virgins to Make Much of Time" = = = = aka "Gather ye Rosebuds While ye May" = =More analysis= = =

** Theme- **
**Carpe Diem** **S****ieze the Day**

** Thanks to my students who have suggested these songs that represent the Carpe Diem theme: ** [|We Are Young] ** F.U.N. ** [|I Will Remember You] ** Sarah Mclachlan "Don't let your life pass you by. Weep not for the memories." ** [|Bucket List movie] ** Music "Live like you were Dying" Tim McGraw ** [|Phineas and Ferb sing Carpe Diem] [|LiveLikeYou're Dying video] ** Music by Kris Allen **
 * [|Ricky Martin LivingLaVidaLoca] **
 * [|SIEZE the DAY AvengedSevenfold] **

A [|sundial] on a building in Yvoire, Haute-Savoie,France, inscribed //carpe diem.//

=**//Paradise Lost//**= =**(1667) //by John Milton//**= [|Gustave Dor�], //Depiction of Satan//, the antagonist of [|John Milton]'s //Paradise Lost// c. 1866

//**Paradise Lost**// is an [|epic poem] in [|blank verse] by the 17th-century English poet [|John Milton]. It was originally published in 1667 in ten books, with a total of over ten thousand individual lines of [|verse].

The poem concerns the [|Biblical] story of the [|Fall of Man]: the temptation of [|Adam and Eve] by the [|fallen angel] [|Satan] and their expulsion from the [|Garden of Eden]. Milton's purpose, stated in Book I, is ** to "justify the ways of God to men." **[|**[**][|2][|]] //Paradise Lost// is often considered one of the greatest literary works in the English language.[|[][|3][|]]

[|Satan] is the first major character introduced in the poem. Formerly the most beautiful of all angels in Heaven, he's a tragic figure best described by the now-famous quote ** "Better to reign in Hell than to serve in Heaven". ** He is introduced to Hell after he leads a failed rebellion to wrestle control of Heaven from God. Satan's desire to rebel against his creator stems from his unwillingness to be subjugated by God. God in //Paradise Lost// is depicted as being both omniscient and omnipotent

After Adam and Eve disobey God by eating from the Tree of Knowledge, God sends the angel [|Michael] to visit Adam and Eve. His duty is to escort Adam and Eve out of Paradise. But before this happens, Michael shows Adam visions of the future which cover an outline of the Bible, from the story of [|Cain] and [|Abel] in [|Genesis], up through the story of Jesus.

[]
 * It is also about knowing and choosing, about free will." **

= <--- To read "When I Consider How My Light is Spent" and a summary by John Milton = [|When I Consider How My Light is Spent]

**Samuel Pepys's Diary **

= = = = =Read excerpts that we read in class --> =

=**Rescue from the Plague (1664-65)....................................................The Fire (1666)**= ....................................................... []

(1633 �1703) was an [|English] [|naval administrator] and [|Member of Parliament] who is now most famous for the [|diary] he kept for a decade while still a relatively young man. Although Pepys had no maritime experience, he rose by [|patronage], hard work and his talent for administration, to be the Chief Secretary to the [|Admiralty] under both [|King Charles II] and subsequently [|King James II]. He attended the execution of [|Charles I], in 1649.[|[][|5][|]] His influence and reforms at the Admiralty were important in the early professionalisation of the [|Royal Navy].[|[][|2]

The detailed private diary Pepys kept from 1660 until 1669 was first published in the 19th century, and is one of the most important [|primary sources] for the [|English Restoration] period. It provides a combination of personal revelation and [|eyewitness] accounts of great events, such as the [|Great Plague of London], the [|Second Dutch War] and the [|Great Fire of London]. The diary was written in a form of [|shorthand] used in Pepys's time. Though it is clear from its content that it was written as a purely personal record of his life and not for publication, there are indications Pepys actively took steps to preserve the bound manuscripts of his diary. Apart from writing it out in fair copy from rough notes, he also had the loose pages bound into six volumes, catalogued them in his library with all his other books, and must have known that eventually someone would find them interesting.

Pepys was a cousin of the Earl of Sandwich, __so I will include one of the stories that led to the creation of the sandwich:__

The modern [|sandwich] is named after Lord Sandwich, yet the exact circumstances of its invention and original use are still the subject of debate. A rumour in a contemporary travel book called //Tour to London// by Pierre Jean Grosley formed the popular myth that bread and meat sustained Lord Sandwich at the [|gambling] table.[|[][|20][|]] A very conversant gambler, Montagu did not take the time to have a meal during his long hours playing at the card table. Consequently, he would ask his servants to bring him slices of meat between two slices of bread; a habit well known among his gambling friends. Because Lord Montagu was the Earl of Sandwich others began to order "the same as Sandwich!" - the �sandwich� was born. [|[][|21][|]] The sober alternative is provided by Sandwich's biographer, [|N. A. M. Rodger], who suggests Sandwich's commitments to the navy, to politics and the arts mean the first sandwich was more likely to have been consumed at his work desk.
 * The sandwich **

[]

...........................................................................................Robinson Crusoe ............................

**Daniel Defoe (1660?-1731)**, businessman, journalist, pamphleteer and prolific author wrote
==//Robinson Crusoe// (1719). First published when he was almost sixty years old, Defoe is considered by many to have written the first English novel. Defoe wrote //Crusoe// in the style of social realism in which he is the observant reporter, historian, humorist, and grand story teller. Some of his novels include: Robinson Crusoe (1719), //Captain Singleton// (1720), Journal of the Plague Year (1722), //Captain Jack// (1722), Moll Flanders (1722) and //Roxanda// (1724). Defoe published over 560 books and pamphlets and is considered to be the founder of British journalism. Daniel Defoe died in 1731.== []

The fictional account tells of Crusoe's twenty-eight years shipwrecked on a remote island against incredible odds.
[] ===The story was perhaps influenced by [|Alexander Selkirk], a Scottish castaway who lived for four years on the Pacific island called "M�s a Tierra" (in 1966 its name was changed to [|Robinson Crusoe Island]), Chile.=== [] ............ PLOT- Crusoe is shipwrecked in a storm about forty miles out to sea on an island (which he calls the Island of Despair) near the mouth of the [|Orinoco] river on September 30, 1659. His companions all die. He and three animals survived the shipwreck, the captain's dog and two cats. Having overcome his despair, he fetches arms, tools and other supplies from the ship before it breaks apart and sinks. He proceeds to build a fenced-in habitation near a cave which he excavates himself. He keeps a calendar by making marks in a wooden cross which he has built. He hunts, grows barley and rice, dries grapes to make raisins for the winter months, learns to make pottery and raises goats, all using tools salvaged from his ship, as well as created from stone and wood which he harvests on the island. He also adopts a small parrot. He reads the Bible and becomes religious, thanking God for his fate in which nothing is missing but human society.

He discovers native [|cannibals], who occasionally visit the island to kill and eat prisoners. At first he plans to kill them for committing an abomination but later realises that he has no right to do so as the cannibals do not knowingly commit a crime. He dreams of obtaining one or two servants by freeing some prisoners; when a prisoner manages to escape, Crusoe helps him, naming his new companion [|"Friday"] after the day of the week he appeared. Crusoe then teaches him English and converts him to Christianity.

An English ship appears; mutineers have taken control of the ship and intend to maroon their former captain on the island. Crusoe and the ship's captain strike a deal in which he helps the captain and the loyal sailors retake the ship from the mutineers, whereupon they intend to leave the worst of the mutineers on the island. Before they leave for England, Crusoe shows the former mutineers how he lived on the island and states that there will be more men coming. Crusoe leaves the island 19 December 1686 and arrives in England on 11 June 1687. He learns that his family believed him dead and there was nothing in his father's will for him. Crusoe departs for Lisbon to reclaim the profits of his estate in Brazil, which has granted him a large amount of wealth. In the end he takes his wealth overland to England to avoid travelling at sea. Friday comes with him and along the way they endure one last adventure together as they fight off hundreds of famished wolves while crossing the [|Pyrenees]. [] ..................... ==//**A Journal of the Plague Year**// is a [|novel] by [|Daniel Defoe], 1660-1731, first published in March [|1722].== ==The novel is a fictionalised account of one man's experiences of the year 1665, in which the [|Great Plague]struck the city of London. The book is told roughly chronologically.Although it purports to have been written only a few years after the event, it actually was written in the years just prior to the book's first publication in March 1722. Defoe was only five years old in 1665. Literary critics have argued that the work can be regarded as a work of imaginative fiction, and thus can justifiably be described as a 'historical novel'.==

=//Moll Flanders//= **1996 adaptation**

The novel's full title gives some insight into the outline of the plot of Moll Flanders:
===//The Fortunes and Misfortunes of the Famous Moll Flanders, Who was Born in Newgate (prison), and during a Life of continu'd Variety for Threescore Years, besides her Childhood, was Twelve Year a Whore, five times a Wife (whereof once to her own Brother), Twelve Year a Thief, Eight Year a Transported Felon in Virginia, at last grew Rich, liv'd Honest, and died a Penitent. Written from her own Memorandums.//===

= = = **1785-90/1830-50? Romanticism overlaps into Victorian Age** = ==Romantic poets write about nature, imagination, and individuality in England. Some Romantics include Wordsworth, Coleridge, Blake, Keats, and Shelley in Britain and Johann von Goethe in Germany. Jane Austen also writes at this time, though she is typically not categorized with the male Romantic poets. In America, this period is mirrored in theTranscendental Period from about 1830-1850. Transcendentalists include Emerson and Thoreau. == ==** Gothic **writings, (c. 1790-1890) overlap with the Romantic and Victorian periods. Writers of Gothic novels (the precursor to horror novels) include Radcliffe, Monk Lewis, and Victorians like Bram Stoker (Dracula) and Charlotte Bronte (//Jane Eyre//,1847) in Britain. In America, Gothic writers include Poe and Hawthorne.== ........ === Eldest of the seven children, Burns grew up in [|poverty] and hardship, and the severe [|manual labour]of the farm left its traces in a premature stoop and a weakened constitution. He got much of his education from his father, who taught his children reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, and history. === === His casual love affairs did not endear him to the elders. His first child, Elizabeth Paton Burns (b.1785), was born to his mother's servant while he was embarking on another relationship with [|Jean Armour], who became pregnant with twins in March 1786. Burns signed a paper attesting his marriage to Jean, but her father "was in the greatest distress." Jean Armour's father initially forbade them getting married. ===
 * // Robert Burns -- biography //**
 * // National Poet of Scotland // **

=== Burns was in financial difficulties due to his lack of success in farming. To make enough money to support a family he took up a friend's offer of work in [|Jamaica][|[][|6][|]], at a salary of [|�]30 per annum. At about the same time, Burns fell in love with [|Mary Campbell] (1763�1786), whom he had seen in church. They planned to emigrate to Jamaica together. ===

=== On 31 July 1786 John Wilson published the volume of works by Robert Burns, //Poems, Chiefly in the Scottish dialect.// The success of the work was immediate, and soon he was known across the country. Burns postponed his proposed emigration to Jamaica due to his success, and two days later he learnt that Jean Armour had given birth to twins. ===

=== Mary Campbell (Highland Mary) and her father sailed from Campbeltown to visit her brother in Greenock. Her brother fell ill with [|typhus], which she also caught while caring for him. She died of typhus on 20 or 21 October 1786, and [|was buried there].[|[][|8] ===

He embarked on a relationship with the separated Agnes 'Nancy' McLehose (1758�1841), with whom he exchanged passionate letters.
=== When it became clear that Nancy would not be easily seduced into a physical relationship, Burns moved on to [|Jenny Clow] (1766�1792), Nancy's domestic servant, who bore him a son, Robert Burns Clow, in 1788. He also had an affair with a servant girl. His relationship with Nancy concluded in 1791 with a final meeting in Edinburgh before she sailed to Jamaica to reunite with her husband. ===

=== In 1788 he resumed his relationship with Jean Armour and took a lease on a farm, which did not do well. Meanwhile, he was writing at his best. Burns also worked to collect and preserve Scottish [|folk songs], sometimes revising, expanding, and adapting them. ===

=== He had a long-standing possible rheumatic heart condition.[|[][|17]His death followed a [|dental extraction] in winter 1795. === === He died at the age of 37. The funeral took place on Monday 25 July 1796, the day that his son Maxwell was born. His body was eventually moved to its final resting place in the Burns Mausoleum, in September 1815. The body of Jean Armour was laid to rest with his in 1834.[|[][|17][|]] ===

....................................... .................................. ........


 * // Robert Burns "Auld Lang Syne" //**

=[|Song-"Auld Lang Syne"]= []

.......................
 * // Robert Burns "To a Mouse" p. 624 //**

==[|...Read Analysis of "To a Mouse"...]==

==** Burns watched the louse crawl higher on her bonnet. **==
 * // Robert Burns "To a Louse" //**** [|...Read Analysis of "To a Louse"...] **

===

=== // Mary Shelley p.648 // == == ====//Frankenstein//, //or The Modern Prometheus// was published in March, 1818. Shelley was only nineteen when she began writing her story. She and her husband, poet Percy Bysshe Shelley, were visiting poet Lord Byron at Lake Geneva in Switzerland when Byron challenged each of his guests to write a ghost story. Settled around Byron's fireplace in June 1816, the group of intellectuals had their imaginations and the stormy weather as the stimulus and inspiration for ghoulish visions. A few nights later Mary Shelley imagined the "hideous phantasm of man" who became the confused yet deeply sensitive creature in //Frankenstein//.[]==== ==Summary--Dr. Victor Frankenstein determines to discover the secret of life, perhaps even how to create life itself. He pursues his studies in the chemistry lab and in dissecting rooms and morgues, gathering the material for his experiment to make a creature from discarded corpses, perhaps one "like himself." Cut off from contact with all others, ignoring letters from friends and family, he exhausts himself. Finally, on a dreary November night, Victor succeeds in animating a creature. Drained of all strength, he falls asleep, only to awaken from a nightmare to find the creature staring at him. He flees in horror at what he has done. In an electrical storm in the mountains near Geneva, Victor sees the monster and thinks that the monster might have killed his younger brother William.== ==Victor's monster is out of control. This is Victor's own doing; if he hadn't neglected his creation, his creation wouldn't have gone on a killing spree.The monster promises to be with Victor on his wedding night. The reader realizes that the monster means he is going to kill the fiancee Elizabeth, but Victor thinks the monster is going to kill him. Victor vows to kill the monster.== []

Life of Mary Shelley--
 ===Percy Shelley visited the author's home and briefly met Mary when she was fourteen, but their attraction did not take hold until a meeting two years later. Percy Shelley, twenty-two, was married, and his wife was expecting their second child, but he and Mary, like Mary's parents, Godwin and Wollstonecraft, believed that ties of the heart were more important than legal ones. In July 1814, one month before her seventeenth birthday, Mary ran away with Percy, and they spent the next few years traveling in Switzerland, Germany, and Italy. Percy's father, Sir Timothy Shelley, cut off his son's large allowance after the couple ran away together.=== ===In 1816 Mary's half-sister Fanny committed suicide; weeks later, Percy's wife, Harriet, drowned herself. Mary and Percy were married in London and made an unsuccessful attempt to gain custody of his two children by Harriet. Three of their own children died soon after birth, and Mary fell into a deep depression that did not improve even after the birth in 1819 of Percy Florence, her only surviving child. The Shelleys' marriage suffered, too, in the wake of their children's deaths, and Percy formed romantic attachments to other women.=== ===Despite these difficult circumstances, Mary and Percy enjoyed a large group of friends, which included the poet Lord Byron (1788�1824). They also maintained a schedule of very strict study�including classical and European literature, Greek, Latin, and Italian language, music and art�and other writing. During this period Mary completed //Frankenstein,// the story of a doctor who, while trying to discover the secret of life, steals bodies to create a living being.===

===The Shelleys were settled in Italy in 1822 when Percy Shelley drowned during a storm while sailing. After a year in Italy, Mary returned to England with her son. After Percy's death Mary struggled to support herself and her child. She produced five more novels. Mary Shelley died at her London home after a long illness, possibly caused by a brain tumor.=== ===Read more: [|Mary Shelley Biography - life, children, name, story, death, wife, mother, young, son] [|http://www.notablebiographies.com/Sc-St/Shelley-Mary.html#ixzz1tkRov4xL] ===

= Samuel Taylor Coleridge... p. 684 =

==

= The Rime of the Ancient Mariner Summary =

===Three guys are on the way to a wedding celebration when an old sailor (the Mariner) stops one of the young men at the door (we'll call him the Wedding Guest). Using his hypnotic eyes to hold the attention of the Wedding Guest, the Ancient Mariner starts telling a story about a disastrous journey he took. The Wedding Guest //really// wants to go party, but he can't pry himself away from this grizzled old mariner's hypnotic eyes. The Mariner begins his story. They left port, and the ship sailed down near Antarctica to get away from a bad storm, but then they get caught in a dangerous, foggy ice field. An albatross shows up to steer them through the fog and provide good winds, but then the Mariner decides to shoot it. Oops. It's very bad luck to harm an albatross.=== Open file below to read the rest of the summary:

== ..... Albatross, bird of good omen ==

//** all things both great and small..." **//


Listen to a lecture on "Rime of the Ancient Mariner." Part 1 []

Part 2 []

R of A.M. in 3 minutes animation [|YouTube]

= More Samuel Taylor Coleridge =
 * Explanation--[|In Plain English YouTube]

** poem written after a dream **

[[image:https://encrypted-tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRf6ILIMfYVDa_c5NRYaXsbfnAb01gk1mKOjcFd1SAbUAYvg0ZN]] of the Mongol dynasty; grandson of Genghis Khan (Khan means emperor)
[|..Hear the Song"Xanadu"]

== = ..."where Alf, the sacred river ran = = through caverns measureless to man..." =

... code How do I love thee? Let me count the ways.
 * || Elizabeth Barrett Browning (1809 - 1861) ||
 * = How Do I Love Thee? (Sonnet 43) **p. 844** = ||||  ||
 * by [|Elizabeth Barrett Browning] ||

I love thee to the depth and breadth and height

My soul can reach, when feeling out of sight

For the ends of being and ideal grace.

I love thee to the level of every day's Most quiet need,by sun and candle-light.I love thee freely, as men strive for right.I love thee purely, as they turn from praise.I love thee with the passion put to useIn my old griefs, and with my childhood's faith.I love thee with a love I seemed to loseWith my lost saints. I love thee with the breath,Smiles, tears, of all my life; and, if God choose,I shall but love thee better after death.from: Poets.org code ||

[|YouTube] ** <-- Watch Lucy read "How Do I Love Thee." **

=
Born in 1806 at Coxhoe Hall, Durham, England, Elizabeth Barrett, was an English poet of the [|Romantic Movement]. The oldest of twelve children, Elizabeth was the first in her family born in England in over two hundred years. For centuries, the Barrett family, who were part Creole, had lived in Jamaica, where they owned sugar plantations and relied on slave labor. Educated at home, Elizabeth had read passages from Paradise Lost and a number of Shakespearean plays, among other great works, before the age of ten. By her twelfth year she had written her first "epic" poem, which consisted of four books of rhyming couplets. She learned eight languages. ======

=
Gaining notoriety for her work in the 1830s, Elizabeth continued to live in her father's London house under his tyrannical rule. Elizabeth bitterly opposed slavery. In 1844 she produced a collection entitled simply Poems. This volume gained the attention of poet [|Robert Browning], whose work Elizabeth had praised in one of her poems, and he wrote her a letter. ======

=
Elizabeth and Robert exchanged 574 letters over the next twenty months. Their romance was bitterly opposed by her father. In 1846, the couple eloped and settled in Florence, Italy, where Elizabeth's health improved and she bore a son, Robert Wideman Browning. Her father never spoke to her again. Elizabeth's Sonnets from the Portuguese, dedicated to her husband and written in secret before her marriage, was published in 1850. Critics generally consider the Sonnets�one of the most widely known collections of love lyrics in English�to be her best work. Admirers have compared her imagery to [|Shakespeare] and her use of the Italian form to[|Petrarch]. ======

=Queen Victoria and her husband Prince Albert= =**..................................1830-1901 and** overlaps into the Modern Age ......... =

= Victoria and Albert had four boys five girls. =

= Albert died at 42 which caused Victoria to mourn for years. She worn black for the rest of her life. = = = = =

..

** Child labor in factories and coal mines **


=Chimney Sweeps=

as small as 7 inches square.
====The young boys had a great dread of entering the chimneys but were threatened, beaten and sometimes driven on by burning straw beneath them. The boys were cleaned, at most, once a week and as a result, many suffered from �sweepers cancer�. At the end of their apprenticeships at the age of 16, the boys were brutalised in mind, deformed in body, of little further use in their trade and uneducated.==== ====There were people who felt strong enough about the climbing boys plight that in July 1817 a public meeting was held in the town hall at Doncaster in which it was unanimously agreed that the use of climbing boys was oppressive and cruel and should not be tolerated.====

[[image:https://encrypted-tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSunaRcV1rXWH-OwQxpXMB-G5-Nz76YFQ9tm4D61eedzKE3XGT2 width="228" height="221"]]** Charles Dickens wrote OLIVER TWIST in the Victorian Age. **
==== ** Poor health conditions **====

and blood, sweating, especially at night, fatigue, fever, unintentional weight loss, breathing difficulty, chest pain, wheezing. Treatment- approx. 4 antibiotics, hospital 2-4 weeks.)
Tuberculosis is the second leading cause of death from an infectious disease, after HIV. In 2010 alone, there were nearly 9 million cases and over 1 million deaths (World Relief Organization).

= =

=A.E. Housman (b. 26 March 1859, d. 30 April 1936) p. 933-4= ............... .. ="When I Was One-and-Twenty"= ="To an Athlete Dying Young"= ="Loveliest of Trees, the Cherry Now..."=

....... [] "When I was one-and-twenty.." (p. 934 in text)
 * When I was one-and-twenty**
 * I heard a wise man say,**
 * 'Give crowns and pounds and guineas**
 * But not your heart away;**
 * Give pearls away and rubies**
 * But keep your fancy free.**
 * 'But I was one-and-twenty,**
 * No use to talk to me.**


 * When I was one-and-twenty**
 * I heard him say again,**
 * 'The heart out of the bosom**
 * Was never given in vain;**
 * 'Tis paid with sighs a plenty**
 * And sold for endless rue.'**
 * And I am two-and-twenty,**
 * And oh, 'tis true, 'tis true.**



[|...Young Man Says Poem] <--- Click Here. He does it well!

Read analysis here---> ...



=A.E. Houseman= ="Loveliest of trees, the cherry now " (not in text)= =Loveliest of trees, the cherry now Is hung with bloom along the bough,= =And stands about the woodland ride Wearing white for Eastertide.= =Now, of my three score years and ten, Twenty will not come again,= =And take from seventy springs a score, It only leaves me fifty more.= =And since to look at things in bloom Fifty springs are little room,= =About the woodlands I will go To see the cherry hung with snow.=

==== You will not live forever. Therefore, make the most of the opportunities of the moment. For example, if it is winter, do not sit indoors to await the springtime blooming of the loveliest of trees, the cherry. Instead, seize the opportunity to view the trees now, when the trees blossom with snow. ==== ====Spring and its warm-weather cousin, summer, hold no monopoly on beauty. In the fall, fields and forests blazon with color--the red of the apple, the orange of the pumpkin, and the russet or gold of the leaf. In the winter, the landscape is a work of art, with pendent icicles, frosted meadows, or drifting snow.==== ====One may interpret the cherry tree as a metaphor for children. In their innocence and purity, they are like the cherry blossoms, and are always delightful to observe and be around. In this interpretation, summer represents the achetypical young adulthood; autumn, middle age; and winter; old age and death. Each age has its beauty--even old age, when the soul shines through the eyes with the wisdom of accumulated experience.====



=A.E. Housman "To an Athlete Dying Young" (p. 933 in text)= ==="To an Athlete Dying Young" is one of Housman's most often anthologized poems. Its quiet, melancholy tone, its theme of the comfort of death, and its simplicity of form and style combine to make the poem a classic celebration of release from the difficulties of life.===

=== This short __elegy__ was written upon the death of a young, celebrated athlete. Housman advances the idea that it is better to die in one's prime, while one can be remembered for his or her youthful accomplishments, than to become infirm, forgotten, ignored, or replaced in the memories and hearts of one's townspeople. ===

Housman says he was a Smart lad, to slip betimes away From fields where glory does not stay who will not suffer the fate of many other Runners whom renown outran And the name died before the man.

Technically speaking, "To an Athlete Dying Young" is indicative of Housman's gift of poetic craft. The even meter and the taut rhyme add to the deliberate, somber, reflective mood established from the first stanza onward. In addition, contrasting symbols and images the victory parade and the funeral cortege, the laurel and the roses add complexity to a deceptively simple poem. The poem concludes with the projection of what the speaker perceives as victory for the dead young athlete, now a hero.

Townsman of a stiller town And round that early laureled head Will flock to gaze the strengthless dead And find unwithered on its curls The garland briefer than a girl's.

Housman softens the death as a victory over the impending difficulties, tragedies, and heartbreak that accompany life.
[]

= William Butler Yeats, p. 967 =

=WHEN you are old and grey and full of sleep,= =And nodding by the fire, =

=take down this book, = =And slowly read,= = = =and dream of the soft look= =Your eyes had once, and of their shadows deep;= ==

=How many loved your moments of glad grace,= =And loved your beauty with love false or true,= = = =But one man loved the pilgrim Soul in you,= =And loved the sorrows of your changing face;= =And bending down beside the glowing bars,= =

= = = =Murmur, a little sadly, how Love fled= =And paced upon the mountains overhead= =And hid his face amid a crowd of stars.=



[|Colin Farrell Reads]

An anonymous narrator requests of a former lover to remember her youth and his love for her, creating a sense of mystery that only reveals some shadows of his own past love life.
==Yeats' diction changes as the poem progresses from stanza to stanza. In his opening, he instructs an "old and gray" woman "full of sleep" to "slowly read" a book of memories from her youth. She is comfortable and lazy in her age, now living out her days dozing idly. These words soothe and ease the reader into a likewise comfortable state to better their understanding of his intention, which becomes clear later in the poem. As he moves to the second stanza, Yeats reminds his former lover of her "glad grace" that was loved by many in contrast to the "sorrows of [her] changing face" in her "pilgrim soul." Loved by many as a happy and beautiful younger person, the aged woman is asked to recall the only man that loved her for who she was. Moving on, he speaks of more and more vague memories that become mere vapors of thought when describing what eventually happened over time. The once warm and reminiscent old woman is reminded of a faded love that was never brought to resolution, a love that may indicate a hidden feeling of remorse from the narrator.==

===He remembers her beauty that was admired by many, but then tells her that he, the narrator, was the only man who loved her for her unique soul. He loved her even as she grew less beautiful and as her being changed in the fullness of time.=== ===Details provide a peak into the narrator's torn-apart heart as he evokes from her memories how patiently he waited for her as the sorrows of time wore away at her fragile beauty. His unconditional love for her was ignored and eventually forgotten as just another one of her "false" and "true" loves among the stars in the night sky.===

Obviously, he wants her to remember him for his unique and unqualified love for her, and how she is choosing to ignore it in the present.
===He fears that his lover will not act upon his love for her and that she will only remember him in the book of memories. He hopes that if, once old, she pulls down the book, she will grow chilly and sorrowful that she did not see how steadfast his love was but how foolish she was for taking no notice of it. He is already fearful that she will grow old without him, and this can be seen as he requests that she remember him "a little sadly" and as a missed chance to have a happy future.===

=...........= == = = =Dylan Thomas's Home in Wales =

The Dylan Thomas Centre in Wales
[|map of Wales and D.Thomas Center] The Dylan Thomas Centre is home to a year-round programme of literary events, including book launches, plays, poetry evenings, changing exhibitions and science talks. The Centre houses the largest collection of Dylan Thomas memorabilia in the world. It hosts the annual [|Dylan Thomas Festival] held between Dylan’s birth and death dates, 27 October to 9 November. [|[3]] Regular events are organised for families and children. The Dylan Thomas Centre’s staff also provide a variety of talks and tours, such as talks on aspects of Dylan’s life and works, on contemporary literature, on writing poetry and on cultural tourism.

= Do not go gentle into that good night, =

Rage, rage against the dying of the light.
==........==

== (Wild men who seek to capture every joy from life, realize that in the act of 'seizing the day' they were really, all the time, filled with the fear of its impending loss. Youth burned brightly. Time flew quickly.) ==

...

==(Grave Men could mean people who have been sad or serious for their lives, realize that being happy or sad is in the mind. That it is our will that makes us happy or sad, not the external world. Seeing with "blinding sight" could mean they see truth so clearly at the end, while they may have lost vision. They rage because they have lost so much opportunity to enjoy the world. ) ==


 * ===What we know about the poet who is also the speaker--Thomas watched his father, formerly in the Army, grow weak and frail with old age.===
 * ===The speaker in his poem tries to convince his father to fight against imminent death.===



The speaker addresses his father using wise men, good men, wild men, or grave men as examples.

 * ==No matter how they have lived their lives or what they feel at the end, they should not die without fighting for life.==
 * ==The poet never, in fact, showed this poem to his father.==
 * ==this poem shows the author's own fear of death and desire to fight.==
 * ==Could have been written in the hope that the speaker would be able to see his dying father.==

==Two refrains 'Do not go gentle into that good night' and 'Rage, rage against the dying of the light' have become much quoted in popular culture. This poem has been quoted in 7 movies, 7 tv shows, 2 plays, and 8 pieces of music (Wikipedia).==

[|Anthony Hopkins Reads DNG] YouTube "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night" []







[|Slideshow Analyzing the poem] ( a villanelle)

3-5-12- William Ernest Henley; 1849-1903 "Invictus"
== Click below to view movie trailer of Invictus:== []

**Click below to hear Morgan Freeman recite the "Invictus" poem.:**
[]

=
======================

Other poetry studied before AP Test:

 * [|"Mending Wall" by Robert Frost (read by Leonard Nimoy)] 10 min.**


 * [|"Mending Wall" college research paper]**


 * [|"Mending Wall" essay] **


 * [|Frost's "The Road Not Taken" YouTube commentary]**


 * [|"Because I Could Not Stop for Death" YouTube,color, soft music, no one reads]**


 * [|"Because I Could Not Stop for Death" You Tube reading]**

[|"Because I Could Not Stop For Death" storyboard]

 * YouTube a professor reads and explains** "BICNSFD"**[|click here]**


 * [|YouTube Analysis for essay on "Because I Could Not Stop for Death"]**

[|"Sound and Sense" Alexander Pope] [|You Tube "Sound and Sense" with music]

"Curiosity" Alistair Reid w/cat video Read a student's analysis of "Curiosity."




 * John Keats. 1795–1821 ||
 * 625. **Ode on a Grecian Urn** ||
 * 625. **Ode on a Grecian Urn** ||


 * THOU still unravish'd bride of quietness, ||  ||
 * Thou foster-child of Silence and slow Time, ||  ||
 * Sylvan historian, who canst thus express ||  ||
 * A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme: ||  ||
 * What leaf-fringed legend haunts about thy shape || //5// ||
 * Of deities or mortals, or of both, ||  ||
 * In Tempe or the dales of Arcady? ||  ||
 * What men or gods are these? What maidens loth? ||  ||
 * What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape? ||  ||
 * What pipes and timbrels? What wild ecstasy? || //10// ||
 * Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard ||  ||
 * Are sweeter; therefore, ye soft pipes, play on; ||  ||
 * Not to the sensual ear, but, more endear'd, ||  ||
 * Pipe to the spirit ditties of no tone: ||  ||
 * Fair youth, beneath the trees, thou canst not leave || //15// ||
 * Thy song, nor ever can those trees be bare; ||  ||
 * Bold Lover, never, never canst thou kiss, ||  ||
 * Though winning near the goal—yet, do not grieve; ||  ||
 * She cannot fade, though thou hast not thy bliss, ||  ||
 * For ever wilt thou love, and she be fair! || //20// ||
 * Ah, happy, happy boughs! that cannot shed ||  ||
 * Your leaves, nor ever bid the Spring adieu; ||  ||
 * And, happy melodist, unwearièd, ||  ||
 * For ever piping songs for ever new; ||  ||
 * More happy love! more happy, happy love! || //25// ||
 * For ever warm and still to be enjoy'd, ||  ||
 * For ever panting, and for ever young; ||  ||
 * All breathing human passion far above, ||  ||
 * That leaves a heart high-sorrowful and cloy'd, ||  ||
 * A burning forehead, and a parching tongue. || //30// ||
 * Who are these coming to the sacrifice? ||  ||
 * To what green altar, O mysterious priest, ||  ||
 * Lead'st thou that heifer lowing at the skies, ||  ||
 * And all her silken flanks with garlands drest? ||  ||
 * What little town by river or sea-shore, || //35// ||
 * Or mountain-built with peaceful citadel, ||  ||
 * Is emptied of its folk, this pious morn? ||  ||
 * And, little town, thy streets for evermore ||  ||
 * Will silent be; and not a soul, to tell ||  ||
 * Why thou art desolate, can e'er return. || //40// ||
 * O Attic shape! fair attitude! with brede ||  ||
 * Of marble men and maidens overwrought, ||  ||
 * With forest branches and the trodden weed; ||  ||
 * Thou, silent form! dost tease us out of thought ||  ||
 * As doth eternity: Cold Pastoral! || //45// ||
 * When old age shall this generation waste, ||  ||
 * Thou shalt remain, in midst of other woe ||  ||
 * Than ours, a friend to man, to whom thou say'st, ||  ||
 * 'Beauty is truth, truth beauty,—that is all ||  ||
 * Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.' || //50// ||
 * Thou shalt remain, in midst of other woe ||  ||
 * Than ours, a friend to man, to whom thou say'st, ||  ||
 * 'Beauty is truth, truth beauty,—that is all ||  ||
 * Ye know on earth, and all ye need to know.' || //50// ||

[|Read a student essay on "Ode on a Grecian Urn."]
 * http://www.bartleby.com/101/625.html ||